合成路线1

Previously, it was reported that D-ribose was synthesized from D-xylose, the epimer of D-ribose, via a stereoselective oxidation-reduction procedure, albeit in low yield. This strategy was adapted to prepare the L-ribose derivative (V) for the practical synthesis of L-FMAU as well as related nucleosides. After pyridinium dichromate (PDC) oxidation, ketone (III) was reduced to an alcohol using NaBH4. It should be mentioned that due to the stereoelectronic effects of the 1,2-O-isopropylidene group, the hydride preferentially attacks from the beta-face. After a series of reactions, compound (V) was obtained and treated with saturated hydrogen chloride in CH2Cl2 at 0 C followed by the migration of the benzoyl group and treatment with SO2Cl2 and imidazole in DMF/CH2Cl2 to give a imidazolyl intermediate. The imidazole derivative was fluorinated with a mixture of KHF2 and 48% HF/H2O to give 1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-2-fluoro-alpha-L-arabinofuranose, which was converted to bromosugar (VI) using 45% HBr/AcOH. Without further purification, the bromosugar was condensed with silylated thymine in anhydrous CHCl3 in refluxing conditions to give protected L-FMAU with high stereoselectivity, which was further treated with NH3/CH3OH for debenzoylation to give L-FMAU. Due to the availability and high cost of L-xylose, however, we have developed another procedure from L-arabinose. L-Arabinose is a natural sugar with reasonable cost. The anomeric position was protected with a benzyl group in acidic conditions to the pyranose form and the vicinal cis-hydroxy groups were protected with an isopropylidene group. In similar conditions as for L-xylose, PDC was used for the oxidation reaction to obtain ketone (IV), which was reduced with NaBH4 in methanol with high stereoselectivity as described for L-xylose. After deprotection of compound (IV) using 4% CF3CO2H, the resulting L-ribose was sequentially treated with 1% HCl/MeOH, BzCl/pyridine and H2SO4/AcO/AcOH to obtain compound (V). The remaining steps to L-FMAU were the same as described for the L-xylose route.

合成路线2

A new synthesis of clevudine has been described: Peracetylation of L-arabinose (I) with acetic anhydride and pyridine provides acetylated arabinose (II), which is then brominated by means of HBr in AcOH/Ac2O to furnish the bromo-sugar (III). Treatment of the sugar (III) with Zn dust, CuSO4 and NaOAc in AcOH/H2O, followed by chromatographic separation, gives L-arabinal (IV), which is then converted to the fluoro derivative (V) by reaction with Selectfluor?(F-TEDA-BF4) in refluxing nitromethane/H2O. Deacetylation of compound (V) with NaOMe in MeOH yields compound (VI), which is then converted into the methyl furanoside (VII) by treatment with H2SO4 in MeOH. Benzoylation of the furanoside (VII) with benzoyl chloride in pyridine affords a mixture of isomers, from which (VIII) is separated by chromatography and then brominated with HBr/AcOH in CH2Cl2 to provide the bromo-sugar (IX). Condensation of the sugar (IX) with the silylated pyrimidine derivative (X) in refluxing chloroform affords 3,5-di-O-benzoylclevudine (XI), which is finally deprotected by treatment with n-butylamine in refluxing methanol. Compound (X) is obtained by treatment of thymine (XII) with HMDS (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane) and ammonium sulfate in refluxing chloroform.

合成路线3

Synthesis of intermediate monosaccharide (VI): The reaction of L-arabinose (I) with benzyl alcohol and HCl (gas) gives 1-O-benzyl-L-arabinose (II), which is treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (III) and TsOH to yield the 3,4-O-isopropylidene derivative (IV). The selective acetylation of (IV) with Ac2O and pyridine affords the 2-O-acetyl derivative (V), which is finally treated with HOAc in hot water to provide the intermediate 2-O-acetyl-1-O-benzyl-L-arabinose (VI).

合成路线4

The reaction of L-arabinose (I) with acetic anhydride and HBr gives tri-O-acetyl-b-L-arabinopyranosyl bromide (II), which is treated with Zn and Cu-Zn couple in aqueous AcOH to yield 3,4-di-O-acetyl-L-arabinal (III) (1). Reaction of compound (III) with HCl followed by treatment with refluxing methanol affords methyl 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-L-riboside (IV), which is deacetylated by means of NaOMe in methanol to provide methyl 2-deoxy-L-riboside (V). Reaction of riboside (V) with benzoic acid gives 2-deoxy-L-ribofuranose (VI), which, alternatively, can be obtained directly from diacetate (III) by treatment with aqueous HClO4 in AcOH/Ac2O. Reaction of ribofuranose (VI) with p-toluoyl chloride and methanol gives methyl 3,4-di-O-toluoyl-2-deoxy-L-riboside (VII), which is demethylated with HCl to yield 3,4-di-O-toluoyl-2-deoxy-L-ribose (VIII). Acylation of the ribose (VIII) with Ac2O and pyridine affords 1-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-toluoyl-2-deoxy-L-ribose (IX), which is treated with HCl to provide the chloro-ribose (X). Condensation of compound (X) with thymine (XI) by means of HgCl2 and CdCO3 gives the acylated thymidine (XII), which is finally deacylated by treatment with NaOMe in methanol.

合成路线5

合成路线6