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【结 构 式】 
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【分子编号】14490 【品名】(3R)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol; R-3-hydroxypyrrolidine 【CA登记号】2799-21-5 |
【 分 子 式 】C4H9NO 【 分 子 量 】87.1216 【元素组成】C 55.15% H 10.41% N 16.08% O 18.36% |
合成路线1
该中间体在本合成路线中的序号：(II)Darifenacin can be obtained by three related ways: 1) The decarboxylation of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (I) by heating at 154 C in cyclohexanol/2-cyclohexenone gives 3(R)-hydroxypyrrolidine (II), which is N-tosylated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and pyridine yielding (III). The reaction of (III) with methyl p-toluenesulfonate, triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) in THF affords 1-tosyl-3(S)-(tosyloxy)pyrrolidine (IV), which is condensed with 2,2-diphenylacetonitrile (V) by means of NaH in refluxing toluene to give 2,2-diphenyl-2-[1-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)pyrrolidin-2(S)-yl]acetonitrile (VI). Elimination of the tosyl group of (VI) with HBr and phenol in refluxing water yields 2,2-diphenyl-2-[2(S)-pyrrolidinyl]acetonitrile (VII), which by treatment with 95% H2SO4 at 100 C is converted into the corresponding acetamide (VIII). The condensation of (VIII) with 5-(chloroacetyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (IX) by means of potassium carbonate in industrial methylated spirits affords the ketonic amide (X), which is finally reduced with H2 over Pd/C in acetic acid. The intermediate 5-(chloroacetyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (IX) has been obtained by Friedel-Crafts condensation of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (XI) with chloroacetyl chloride by means of AlCl3 in dichloromethane. 3) The condensation of 5-(2-bromoethyl)benzofuran (XV), with the previously obtained acetamide (VIII) by means of K2CO3 in refluxing acetonitrile affords the condensation product (XVI), which is hydrogenated with H2 over Pd/C in hot acetic acid.
| 【1】 Graul, A.; Castaner, J.; Darifenacin. Drugs Fut 1996, 21, 11, 1105. |
| 【2】 Cross, P.E.; Mackenzie, A.R. (Pfizer Inc.); Pyrrolidine derivs. AU 9051402; EP 0388054; JP 1990282360; JP 1995149640; US 5096890 . |
| 中间体序号 | 中间体编号 | 品名 | CAS号 | 分子式 | 供应商 | 用于合成 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | 14489 | (2S,4R)-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid; L-Hydroxyproline | 51-35-4 | C5H9NO3 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (II) | 14490 | (3R)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol; R-3-hydroxypyrrolidine | 2799-21-5 | C4H9NO | 详情 | 详情 |
| (III) | 14491 | (3R)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol | C11H15NO3S | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (IV) | 14492 | (3S)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate | C18H21NO5S2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (V) | 14493 | alpha-phenylbenzeneacetonitrile; 2,2-diphenylacetonitrile; Diphenylacetonitrile | 86-29-3 | C14H11N | 详情 | 详情 |
| (VI) | 14494 | 2-[(3S)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetonitrile | C25H24N2O2S | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (VII) | 14495 | 2,2-diphenyl-2-[(3S)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]acetonitrile | C18H18N2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (VIII) | 14496 | 2,2-diphenyl-2-[(3S)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]acetamide | C18H20N2O | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (IX) | 14497 | 2-chloro-1-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1-ethanone | C10H9ClO2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (X) | 14498 | 2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-2-oxoethyl]tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide | C28H28N2O3 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XI) | 14499 | 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran; 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran | 496-16-2 | C8H8O | 详情 | 详情 |
| (XII) | 14500 | 2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)acetic acid | 69999-16-2 | C10H10O3 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (XIII) | 14501 | 2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1-ethanol | C10H12O2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XIV) | 14502 | 5-(2-bromoethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran | C10H11BrO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XV) | 14503 | 5-(2-bromoethyl)-1-benzofuran | C10H9BrO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XVI) | 14504 | 2-[(3S)-1-[2-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide | C28H28N2O2 | 详情 | 详情 |
合成路线2
该中间体在本合成路线中的序号：(III)The condensation of (S)-phenylglycine (I) with ethyl chloroformate gave carbamate (II). After activation of (II) as the mixed anhydride with ethyl chloroformate in the presence of N-methylmorpholine, coupling with (S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine (III) provided amide (IV). Reduction of both amide and carbamate groups of (IV) employing LiAlH4 in refluxing THF yielded diamine (V). This was finally condensed with diphenylacetyl chloride (VI) to furnish the title amide The condensation of (S)-phenylglycine (I) with ethyl chloroformate gave carbamate (II). After activation of (II) as the mixed anhydride with ethyl chloroformate in the presence of N-methylmorpholine, coupling with (S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine (III) provided amide (IV). Reduction of both amide and carbamate groups of (IV) employing LiAlH4 in refluxing THF yielded diamine (V). This was finally condensed with diphenylacetyl chloride (VI) to furnish the title amide.
| 【1】 Ackermann, K.-A.; Budak, J.; Bathe, A.; Gottschlich, R.; Helfert, B.; Stein, I. (Merck Patent GmbH); Method for producing enantiomer-free N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-phenyl-2-((3S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-yl)ethyl]-2,2-diphenyl acetamide. DE 19827633; WO 9954298 . |
| 中间体序号 | 中间体编号 | 品名 | CAS号 | 分子式 | 供应商 | 用于合成 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | 10716 | (2S)-2-Amino-2-phenylethanoic acid; L-(+)-alpha-Phenylglycine | 2935-35-5 | C8H9NO2 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (II) | 12171 | (2S)-2-[(Ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-phenylethanoic acid | C11H13NO4 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (III) | 14490 | (3R)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol; R-3-hydroxypyrrolidine | 2799-21-5 | C4H9NO | 详情 | 详情 |
| (IV) | 31452 | ethyl (1S)-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl]-2-oxo-1-phenylethylcarbamate | C15H20N2O4 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (V) | 31453 | (3S)-1-[(2S)-2-(methylamino)-2-phenylethyl]-3-pyrrolidinol | C13H20N2O | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (VI) | 23800 | Diphenylacetyl chloride; 2,2-diphenylacetyl chloride | 1871-76-7 | C14H11ClO | 详情 | 详情 |
合成路线3
该中间体在本合成路线中的序号：(IV)Condensation of (1S,2R)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexyl tosylate (I) with 3(R)-benzyloxypyrrolidine (II) provides vernakalant benzyl ether (III), which is then debenzylated by catalytic hydrogenolysis over Pd/C (1). In a more direct approach, tosylate (I) is condensed with 3(R)-hydroxypyrrolidine (IV) to provide vernakalant (1, 2). An alternative strategy consists of the cyclization of (1R,2R)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexylamine (V) with (R )-2-acetoxysuccinic anhydride (VI) by means of acetyl chloride or with ethyl 4-chloro-3(R )-hydroxybutyrate (VII) to give, respectively, the cyclic imide (VIIIa) or the pyrrolidinone (VIIIb), which is subsequently reduced and deprotected by means of Red-Al to yield the title hydroxypyrrolidine derivative (2). The O-benzyl precursor of vernakalant (III) can alternatively be obtained by condensation of 2(R )-[3(R )-benzyloxy-1-pyrrolidinyl]cyclohexan-1(R )-ol (IX) with 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl trichloroacetimidate (X) (prepared from dimethoxyphenethyl alcohol [XI] and trichloroacetonitrile) in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (2, 3). A related strategy for preparing the succinimide precursor of vernakalant (VIIIa) consists of the condensation of 2(R)-acetoxy-N-[2(R)-hydroxy-1(R)-cyclohexyl]succinimide (XII) with imidate (X) in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate (4). Scheme 1.
| 【1】 Beatch, G.N., Choi, L.S.L., Jung, G. et al. (Cardiome Pharma Corp.). Aminocyclohexyl ether compounds and uses thereof. EP 1560812, EP1666459, JP 2006525227, WO 2004099137. |
| 【2】 Plouvier, B.M.C., Chou, D.T.H., Jung, G. et al. (Cardiome Pharma Corp.). Synthetic process for aminocyclohexyl ether compounds. WO 2006088525. |
| 【3】 Machiya, K., Ike, K., Watanabe, M., Yoshino, T., Okamoto, T., Morinaga, Y., Mizobata, S. (Astellas Pharma, Inc.). Production method of optically active cyclohexane ether compounds. WO 2006075778. |
| 【4】 Roth, C.J., Jung, G., Plouvier, B.M.C., Chou, D.T.H., Yee, J.G.K. (Cardiome Pharma Corp.). Synthetic processes for the preparation of aminocyclohexyl ether compounds. WO 2006138673. |
| 中间体序号 | 中间体编号 | 品名 | CAS号 | 分子式 | 供应商 | 用于合成 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (VIIIa) | 65269 | C22H29NO7 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (VIIIb) | 65270 | C20H29NO5 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (I) | 65263 | (1S,2R)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexyl tosylate | C23H30O6S | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (II) | 65264 | (3R)-benzyloxypyrrolidine | C11H15NO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (III) | 65265 | vernakalant benzyl ether | C27H37NO4 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (IV) | 14490 | (3R)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol; R-3-hydroxypyrrolidine | 2799-21-5 | C4H9NO | 详情 | 详情 |
| (V) | 65266 | (1R,2R)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexylamine | C16H25NO3 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (VI) | 65267 | (2R)-acetoxysuccinic anhydride | 79814-40-7 | C6H6O5 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (VII) | 65268 | ethyl 4-chloro-(3R)-hydroxybutyrate; | 90866-33-4 | C6H11ClO3 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (IX) | 65271 | (2R)-[(3R)-benzyloxy-1-pyrrolidinyl]cyclohexan-(1R)-ol | C16H25NO2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (X) | 65272 | 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl trichloroacetimidate | C12H14Cl3NO3 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XI) | 38711 | 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-ethanol | 7417-21-2 | C10H14O3 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (XII) | 65273 | (2R)-acetoxy-N-[(2R)-hydroxy-(1R)-cyclohexyl]succinimide | C12H17O5 | 详情 | 详情 |
合成路线4
该中间体在本合成路线中的序号：(IV)The pyrrolidine building blocks are in turn synthesized as shown in Scheme 5. 3(R)-Hydroxypyrrolidine (IV) is protected as the N-Boc derivative (LIV), followed by O-alkylation with benzyl bromide and acidic deprotection of the resulting benzyl ether (LV) to furnish 3(R)-benzyloxypyrrolidine (II). Condensation of pyrrolidine (II) with cyclohexene oxide (XXXI) gives the trans-pyrrolidinocyclohexanol (LVI) as a diastereomeric mixture, which is separated either by crystallization with di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (DTTA) or by diastereoselective N-oxidation of the undesired diastereoisomer to furnish the target isomer (IX). Alternatively, intermediate (IX) can be obtained by ring opening of epoxide (XXXI) with pyrrolidine (II) in the presence of chiral catalysts. In a different strategy, enantioselective ring opening of cyclohexene oxide (XXXI) with B-bromodiisopinocamphenylborane provides the optically enriched trans-bromohydrin (LVII), which is then condensed with benzyloxypyrrolidine (II) to yield the (1S,2R)-pyrrolidinocyclohexanol (LVIII). Inversion of the configuration of alcohol (LVIII) to produce (IX) is then accomplished by Mitsunobu coupling with formic acid, followed by acidic hydrolysis of the resulting (1R,2R)-formate ester (LIX). Further synthetic strategies leading to the pyrrolidinocyclohexanol (IX) involve cyclization of (R,R)-2-aminocyclohexanol (LX) with 2(R)-benzyloxy-1,4-butanediol ditosylate (LXI), and condensation of (LX) with cyclohexanone (XXVI), followed by asymmetric hydroboration and oxidative work-up of the resulting enamine (LXII) (2). Alternatively, (R,R)-2-aminocyclohexanol (LX) can be converted to the intermediate acetoxysuccinimide (XII) by condensation with 2(R)-acetoxysuccinic anhydride (VI) (prepared from L-malic acid [LXIII] and acetyl chloride) to produce a regioisomeric mixture of succinamic acids (LXIVa) and (LXIVb), which undergoes cyclization to imide (XII) upon heating with acetyl chloride (4). Similarly, racemic trans-2-benzyloxycyclohexylamine (LXV) is resolved by enantioselective N-acylation with isopropyl methoxyacetate in the presence of lipase, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting (R,R)-methoxyacetamide (LXVI) to provide (LXVII) (5). Acylation of (R,R)-2-benzyloxycyclohexylamine (LXVII) with O-acetylmalic anhydride (VI), followed by cyclization with acetyl chloride, yields the N-(2-benzyloxycyclohexyl)succinimide (LXVIII), which is then debenzylated to (XII) by catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/C (4). Scheme 5.
| 【2】 Plouvier, B.M.C., Chou, D.T.H., Jung, G. et al. (Cardiome Pharma Corp.). Synthetic process for aminocyclohexyl ether compounds. WO 2006088525. |
| 【4】 Roth, C.J., Jung, G., Plouvier, B.M.C., Chou, D.T.H., Yee, J.G.K. (Cardiome Pharma Corp.). Synthetic processes for the preparation of aminocyclohexyl ether compounds. WO 2006138673. |
| 【5】 Balkenhohl, F., Ditrich, K., Nübling, C. (BASF AG). Racemate separation of primary and secondary heteroatom-substituted amine by enzyme-catalysed acylation. WO 9623894. |
| 中间体序号 | 中间体编号 | 品名 | CAS号 | 分子式 | 供应商 | 用于合成 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (LXIVa) | 65319 | C12H19NO6 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LXIVb) | 65320 | C12H19NO6 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (II) | 65264 | (3R)-benzyloxypyrrolidine | C11H15NO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (IV) | 14490 | (3R)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-3-ol; R-3-hydroxypyrrolidine | 2799-21-5 | C4H9NO | 详情 | 详情 |
| (VI) | 65267 | (2R)-acetoxysuccinic anhydride | 79814-40-7 | C6H6O5 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (VI) | 51236 | 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole | 625-82-1 | C6H9N | 详情 | 详情 |
| (IX) | 65271 | (2R)-[(3R)-benzyloxy-1-pyrrolidinyl]cyclohexan-(1R)-ol | C16H25NO2 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XII) | 65273 | (2R)-acetoxy-N-[(2R)-hydroxy-(1R)-cyclohexyl]succinimide | C12H17O5 | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (XXVI) | 11059 | Cyclohexanone | 108-94-1 | C6H10O | 详情 | 详情 |
| (XXXI) | 17986 | 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane; cyclohexene oxide | 286-20-4 | C6H10O | 详情 | 详情 |
| (LIV) | 65310 | (R )-1-Boc-3-hydroxypyrrolidine; (R )-N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine; (R )-3-Hydroxy-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester | 103057-44-9 | C9H17O3N | 详情 | 详情 |
| (LV) | 65311 | C16H23O3N | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LVI) | 65312 | C17H25NO2 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LVII) | 65313 | trans-2-bromocyclohexanol | C6H11BrO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (LVIII) | 65314 | C17H24NO2 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LIX) | 65315 | C18H25NO3 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LX) | 65316 | (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol | C6H13NO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (LXI) | 65317 | C25H28O7S2 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LXII) | 65318 | C17H23NO | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LXIII) | 11058 | (S)-(+)-Hydroxysuccinic acid; (S)-(+)-Malic acid; (S)-(+)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid; L-(-)-Apple acid | 97-67-6 | C4H6O5 | 详情 | 详情 |
| (LXV) | 65321 | racemic trans-2-benzyloxycyclohexylamine | C13H17NO | 详情 | 详情 | |
| (LXVI) | 65322 | C16H23NO3 | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LXVII) | 65323 | C13H19NO | 详情 | 详情 | ||
| (LXVIII) | 65324 | C19H23NO5 | 详情 | 详情 |