合成路线1

1) The reaction of (-)-quinic acid (I) with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (II) and p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing acetone gives the protected lactone (III), which by treatment with sodium ethoxide in ethanol yields the ethyl ester (IV). The acylation of (IV) with mesyl chloride and TEA in dichloromethane affords the mesylate (V), which is dehydrated with SO2Cl2 in dichloromethane, giving the cyclohexenecarboxylate (VI). The transketalization of (VI) with 3-pentanone and HClO4 affords the 3,4-pentylidene ketal (VII), which is cleaved with borane methyl sulfide complex to the 3-pentyl ether (VIII). The epoxidation of (VIII) by treatment with KHCO3 in hot ethanol affords the epoxide (IX), which is opened with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in ethanol/water, resulting in the the azido alcohol (X). The cyclization of (X) with triphenylphosphine in refluxing THF/acetonitrile or trimethylphosphine in anhydrous acetonitrile yields aziridine (XI), which is opened by means of sodium azide in hot DMF to the azidoamine (XII). The acetylation of (XII) with acetic anhydride provides the azidoacetamide (XIII), which is reduced with H2 over Lindlar catalyst or over RaNi in ethanol and treated with 85% phosphoric acid.

合成路线2

2) The esterification of Shikimic acid (XIV) with MeOH/TsOH gives the methyl ester (XV), which is treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (II) and TsOH to yield the acetonide (XVI). The mesylation of (XVI) with mesyl chloride and TEA in dichloromethane gives the mesylated acetonide (XVII), which is hydrolyzed with HCl, yielding the dihydroxy ester (XVIII). The epoxidation of (XVIII) with DBU in THF affords the epoxide (XIX), which is protected with methyl chloromethyl ether to give compound (XX). The reaction of (XX) with sodium azide in refluxing methanol/water provides the hydroxy azide (XXI), which is acylated with mesyl chloride to the mesylate (XXII). The cyclization of (XXII) by means of triphenylphosphine in THF affords the aziridine (XXIII), which is treated with sodium azide in hot DMF to give the amino azide (XXIV). The deprotection of (XXIV) with HCl followed by tritylation of the free amino group with trityl chloride and TEA yields compound (XXV), which is cyclized by means of mesyl chloride and TEA to afford the tritylaziridine (XXVI). The cleavage of the aziridine ring of (XXVI) with 3-pentanol, followed by acetylation of the resulting amino group, affords the acetamido aziridine (XXVII), which is hydrolyzed at the ester group with KOH in THF/water to give the carboxylic acid (XXVIII). The esterification of (XXVIII) with ethanol, DCC and DMAP in dichloromethane affords the azido ester (XIII), which is finally reduced with triphenylphosphine in hot THF/water.

合成路线3

The enzymatic resolution of the tricyclic carboxylate (XXIX) with chiralzyme L-2 and vinyl acetate gives the monoacetate (XXX) and the dihydroxy compound (XXXI) that are easily separated. The monosilylation of the less hindered OH group of (XXXI) with TBDMS-Cl and imidazole in DMF gives the monosilylated compound (XXXII), which is acylated with acetyl chloride, TEA and DMAP in dichloromethane yielding the monoacetate (XXXIII). The desilylation of (XXXIII) with TBAF in THF affords the secondary alcohol (XXXIV), which is oxidized with ammonium formate and PdCl2(PPh3)2 in acetonitrile to give the unsaturated ketone (XXXV). The epoxidation of the double bond of (XXXV) with H2O2 and Triton B in THF yields the ketoepoxide (XXXVI), which is reduced with NaBH4 in methanol to the epoxy alcohol (XXXVII). The esterification of (XXXVII) with benzoyl chloride affords the benzoate (XXXVIII), which is submitted to thermolysis at 300 C in diphenyl ether to provide the cyclohexenecarboxylate (XXXIX).The reaction of (XXXIX) with BF3 ethearate in toluene gives, through the nonisolable oxonium intermediate (XL), the monobenzoate (XLI), which is debenzoylated with K2CO3 in methanol to provide the methyl ester (XLII) of the target compound. Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with KOH in THF.

合成路线4

The enzymatic resolution of the tricyclic carboxylate (XXIX) with chiralzyme L-2 and vinyl acetate gives the monoacetate (XXX) and the dihydroxy compound (XXXI) that are easily separated. The hydrolysis of the acetate (XXX) with K2CO3 in methanol yields the diol (XLIII), which silylated with TBDMS-Cl and imidazole at the less hindered OH affording the silyl ether (XLIV). The acetylation of (XLIV) with acetyl chloride, TEA and DMAP gives the acetate (XLV), which is desilylated with TBAF in THF yielding the alcohol (XLVI). The oxidation of (XLVI) with ammonium formate and PdCl2(PPh3)2 in refluxing acetonitrile affords the ketone (XLVII), which is epoxidized with H2O2 and Triton B in THF providing the ketoepoxide (XLVIII). The thermolysis of (XLVIII) at 300 C in diphenyl ether gives the epoxycyclohexenone (II), which is reduced with NaBH4 and CeCl3 in methanol yielding a mixture of the two diastereomeric alcohols (L) and (LI) that are separated by column chromatography. The desired alcohol (LI) is treated with refluxing 80% AcOH to afford the methyl ester (XLII) of the target compound. Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with KOH in THF. The undesired diastereomeric alcohol (L) is recycled to epoxyketone (II) by oxidation with tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) and NMMO.

合成路线5

A new industrial synthesis of (3R,4S,5S)-4,5-epoxy-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, a key intermediate in the synthesis of the oseltamivir phosphate has been developed: The esterification of (-)-shikimic acid (I) with SOCl2 and ethanol gives the expected ethyl ester (II), which is treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and p-toluenesulfonic acid in ethyl acetate to yield the acetonide (III). Mesylation of (III) with mesyl chloride and triethylamine in ethyl acetate affords mesylate (IV), which is trans-ketalized with 3-pentanone and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid giving the pentylidene ketal (V). Reductive opening of the ketal ring of (V) with triethylsilane and TiCl4 in dichloromethane gives the hydroxyether (VI), which is converted into the target epoxide by a treatment with NaHCO3 in ethanol/water. Another route to pentylidene ketal (V) has also been developed: The direct ketalization of ester (II) with 3-pentanone and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid gives the pentylidene ketal (VIII), which is then mesylated with mesyl chloride and triethylamine as before yielding the alredy described mesylate (V). From the above two routes, the route through the mesylate (IV) is preferred even though it is one step longer. Compound (IV) is a highly crystalline compound which can be purified efficiently. In contrast, intermediates (VIII) and (V) are oils and cannot be purified easily and often, the resulting epoxide (VII) obtained through pentylidene ketal (VIII) do not meet the quality requirements and may be reprocessed.

合成路线6

A new synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate has been described: The opening of the oxirane ring of the already reported oseltamivir intermediate (I) by reaction with allylamine (II) in t-BuOMe/MeCN 9:1 provides the allylamino derivative (III), which is deallylated with Pd/C and ethanolamine to give the primary amine (IV). The direct conversion of the amino alcohol (IV) into the vicinal diamine (VIII) is achieved, without isolation of the intermediates, by reaction of compound (IV) with benzaldehyde to give the benzaldehyde imine (V), mesylation of (V) with MsCl and TEA to the mesylate (VI) and treatment of (VI) with allylamine (II) to yield the aziridine intermediate (VII) that opens to the vicinal diamine (VIII). Acylation of the primary amino group of (VIII) with acetic anhydride in acetic acid provides the acetamide (IX), which is finally deallylated with Pd/C and ethanolamine as before and treated with H3PO4.

合成路线7

下面的化学合成路线是日本东京大学柴崎正胜等发表的研究成果，其中化合物1可由1,4-环己二烯为起始原料而获得。

合成路线8

下面的化学合成路线来源于日本东京大学药学系柴崎正胜等人发表的另一项研究报告：其起始原料为1,2-环己二烯。

合成路线9

下面的化学合成路线是由著名有机合成化学家、诺贝尔化学奖得主、哈弗大学教授E.J.Corey的研究小组开发成功，其主要特点是以比较易得的化合物1和2为起始原料。

合成路线10

下面是由Gilead Sciences,Inc制药厂开发的全合成路线，其关键的起始原料是化合物1，它是以草莽酸（7）为原料经数步合成而来。

合成路线11

合成路线12

合成路线13

下面是由F.Hoffman-La Roche,Ltd.制药厂开发的全合成线路。

合成路线14

下面的合成路线是由F.Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd.制药厂开发的第二代药物全合成技术，总产率从过去的29%提高到38%。

合成路线15

下面的化学合成路线来源于日本东京大学药学系柴崎正胜等人发表的另一项研究报告：其起始原料为1,2-环己二烯。